posted by
orichalcum at 10:31am on 18/01/2007 under religion culture
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There are few statements that otherwise rational, well-meaning people make that raise my hackles more than the commonly heard soundbite, "The greatest threat to Jewry today is intermarriage," except possibly the frequent addition that "intermarriage is more dangerous than the Holocaust."
A column in Slate today, linking this column and new study in Haaretz, which purported to "objectively" show the damaging effects of intermarriage, particularly irritated me. Among the danger signs cited: "in-married" Jews are far more likely to have only Jewish close friends than intermarried couples. In-married couples are more likely to feel very attached to Israel and to have traveled to Israel. In-married Jews are much less likely to have a Christmas tree and more likely to keep kosher.
This kind of rhetoric isn't about sustaining and celebrating the faith and traditions of an ancient and living religion; it's about isolationism. You can have a close friend of another religion without it damaging your religious faith or your ability to go to religious services. The physical nation of Israel- which, don't get me wrong, is an incredible place both spiritually and historically - is not in fact synonymous with Judaism, much less the Israeli government. And frankly, there are plenty of "in-married" Jews I know who quite enjoy their bacon cheeseburgers and still manage to love God and attend services on Yom Kippur. I won't even get into the fuzzy statistics in the article, which provides detailed statistics for the in-marrieds' level of observance and then asserts that only "a handful" of intermarried couples follow the same levels.
I'm not saying that living a life which regularly honors Jewish practices and religion isn't more challenging with a partner who doesn't honor those traditions, or that it wouldn't be more difficult to educate children, and certainly to educate them without them realizing that there are other paths and ways of understanding the divine. Yes, not all of those children will grow up to consider themselves Jewish. But they will grow up the children of happy marriages, of people who chose to love each other despite the extra challenges presented by different backgrounds. (Obviously, there are lots of happy "in-married" couples as well, but frankly, it's hard enough to find a partner in this world, and narrowly restricting your options just makes it tougher.)
Judaism's done a remarkable job of surviving the past millennia through war, exile, persecution, genocide, theological debates and factional splits. Claiming that it can't manage to persevere because of the deep love of two people who don't have the same religion and culture is, well, cowardly.
I apologize if some people take this too personally; it's not intended as an attack on anyone's beliefs. And, admittedly, I've got a personal agenda here, as a cultural Jewish-American (among other things) who's a child of multiple generations of intermarriage. But I can't remain silent in the face of these sorts of inflammatory, narrow-minded statements.
A column in Slate today, linking this column and new study in Haaretz, which purported to "objectively" show the damaging effects of intermarriage, particularly irritated me. Among the danger signs cited: "in-married" Jews are far more likely to have only Jewish close friends than intermarried couples. In-married couples are more likely to feel very attached to Israel and to have traveled to Israel. In-married Jews are much less likely to have a Christmas tree and more likely to keep kosher.
This kind of rhetoric isn't about sustaining and celebrating the faith and traditions of an ancient and living religion; it's about isolationism. You can have a close friend of another religion without it damaging your religious faith or your ability to go to religious services. The physical nation of Israel- which, don't get me wrong, is an incredible place both spiritually and historically - is not in fact synonymous with Judaism, much less the Israeli government. And frankly, there are plenty of "in-married" Jews I know who quite enjoy their bacon cheeseburgers and still manage to love God and attend services on Yom Kippur. I won't even get into the fuzzy statistics in the article, which provides detailed statistics for the in-marrieds' level of observance and then asserts that only "a handful" of intermarried couples follow the same levels.
I'm not saying that living a life which regularly honors Jewish practices and religion isn't more challenging with a partner who doesn't honor those traditions, or that it wouldn't be more difficult to educate children, and certainly to educate them without them realizing that there are other paths and ways of understanding the divine. Yes, not all of those children will grow up to consider themselves Jewish. But they will grow up the children of happy marriages, of people who chose to love each other despite the extra challenges presented by different backgrounds. (Obviously, there are lots of happy "in-married" couples as well, but frankly, it's hard enough to find a partner in this world, and narrowly restricting your options just makes it tougher.)
Judaism's done a remarkable job of surviving the past millennia through war, exile, persecution, genocide, theological debates and factional splits. Claiming that it can't manage to persevere because of the deep love of two people who don't have the same religion and culture is, well, cowardly.
I apologize if some people take this too personally; it's not intended as an attack on anyone's beliefs. And, admittedly, I've got a personal agenda here, as a cultural Jewish-American (among other things) who's a child of multiple generations of intermarriage. But I can't remain silent in the face of these sorts of inflammatory, narrow-minded statements.
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wait...
-MJNH
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Look, being Jewish is very important to Fajitas, and we made our agreements on raising children Jewish before we got married. So I'm willing to give it a try.
But I won't have anything to do with a synagogue that shuts me (or us) out because I'm not Jewish. I'm making an effort here, and I darn well deserve a genuine welcome for it.
On the other hand, I do have to say that I've yet to experience any prejudice. My personal Jewish experiences have always been very understanding and warm, with people happy to give me explanations, transliterations and translations. So this intolerance may be more of a matter of rhetoric than reality. (I can hope)
-PS
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No one is guaranteed that their children will take a particular path, and its callous and counter-productive to dismiss and discourage mixed relationships based on fears relating to that. Also, I would be wiling to bet that, like me, many partners would be interested and willing to become involved in Judaism with their SO. How much easier it would be if the community could welcome them and send the message that they can be a valued part of the community too.
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--Adam
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“When a non-Jewish spouse involves herself in the activities of the synagogue; offers support to the Jewish involvements of husband or wife; attends Jewish worship; and, most important of all, commits to raising Jewish children, he or she is deserving not only of welcome but of our profound thanks, Yoffie said. “These spouses are heroes—yes, heroes—of Jewish life...”
and
"In a little more than a quarter of a century, our Reform Movement has made the once radical idea of Outreach into a central pillar of Jewish life. In the process, we reached out to the affiliated and the unaffiliated, to the intermarried and the Jew-by-choice. And in so doing, we shared with others the beauty of Judaism and strengthened our destiny as a holy people."
You can read the whole thing at http://urj.org/yoffie/biennialsermon05/ (section IV)
Pretty different take then the Slate article, no?
-PS
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I have a whole separate screed about the academic historian attempt to conceal the active history of Jewish prosleytization in the early centuries CE.
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Anyway. The older I get, the more strongly I become Reform, if that makes any sense.
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nope
Re: nope
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A long response
First of all, did I miss out on one of the articles? You and others made references to a comment that I didn't see in the one link you provided. Nowhere did I see the assertion that "intermarriage is more dangerous than the Holocaust, and I don't believe that "[t]he greatest threat to Jewry today is intermarriage" is synonymous or that this author was trying to say it was. Your link is only to Ha'aretz; was this in the Slate article I didn't see? My references to "the author" are all about the Ha'aretz article.
Second of all, Adam commented:
Also, did you notice that the Slate article appears to completely mischaracterize the statements from the Reform leader at the end of the article? "We need to actively work to convert the non-Jewish spouses of Jews..." is a very different statement from "we need to make sure our kids only marry Jews."
A few thoughts on this. Rabbi Irving "Yitz" Greenberg is not a Reform rabbi; he is an extremely well-respected Orthodox rabbi, married to Blu Greenberg, who started the Jewish Orthodox Feminist Alliance (JOFA). I agree that his statement of wanting to encourage conversion is not identical to the article's conclusion that intermarriage should be prevented. However, that doesn't mean that he is twisting Rabbi Greenberg's words. I am willing to bet that Yitz Greenberg would prefer Jews to marry Jews, but is working with a concept known in Hebrew as a "b'dieved" (I think this is translatable as "ex post facto") situation. In other words, the author of the article thinks that if possible, Jews should be encouraged to marry Jews. But Rabbi Greenberg is saying well, if that's no longer possible because a Jew has married a non-Jew, that's not a disaster, let's go ahead and include the non-Jewish spouse as much as possible, including conversion. The author of the article may very well agree with that opinion but be focusing on the a priori case.
Next, I definitely agree that inclusion is the way to go, and many communities, armed with information like what's provided in this survey, are going just that way. However, the fact that a non-Jewish SO should be welcome in his or her partner's community is not incompatible with that community wanting to encourage people to partner primarily with Jews. Also, just because readers of your LJ happen to be interested in the religious life of their SOs or are willing to convert or raise children Jewish doesn't mean that's true of most non-Jewish partners of Jews. And saying that the Jews themselves may not be involved in Judaism is its own valid point, of which community leaders are aware. I think their perspective is that if a Jew is already distanced from Judaism, marrying a non-Jewish SO will probably push him/her even further away, whereas marrying a Jew (even another secular or disconnected Jew) may mean that they end up encouraging or teaching each other a bit about Jewish practice.
I guess that brings me to some strong terms you mentioned. I don't understand how wanting to encourage people to practice the specific rituals and behaviors of their religion is a sign of isolationism or narrow-mindedness. Jewish people wanting other Jews to do Jewish things like light Shabbat candles does not equal a lack of respect or affection for those who "enjoy their bacon cheeseburgers and still manage to love God." But as the article indicated, there are statistics showing (however poorly cited here) that intermarried couples are less likely to stay connected to the specific behaviors of Judaism.
(Post continued in response to this one)
Re: A long response
So maybe the issue that you and others are taking with the "intermarriage is bad for Judaism" argument is that you don't think it matters if Jews do specifically Jewish things as long as they are good people. Well, I definitely think being a good person is most important, and I think it may be totally fine for an individual to be religious in a non-institutional or non-Jewish way, but that doesn't keep me from thinking that Judaism overall needs people doing *specifically* Jewish acts to stay a distinct religion.
Three last thoughts. I don't agree with this statement: "it's hard enough to find a partner in this world, and narrowly restricting your options just makes it tougher." I think we've had related conversations about this before. I think that restricting the options available for choices can sometimes make them easier and make us happier with our decisions. (See "The Paradox of Choice," an excellent book that explains this idea much better than I can.) In keeping with that idea, I believe that there is nothing wrong with encouraging (note: not forcing) children to look for partners within a community that shares certain valuable belief-based behaviors. If you think it is problematic or at best unnecessary ever to restrict one's field of options or those of one's children, there's an obvious starting point for our disagreement.
FYI, when people in the Jewish community talk about "loving Israel," that is generally understood to be separate from "loving the Israeli government." Also, one can be Jewish without loving Israel, but I think that people who love Israel are more likely to be involved in Judaism. (I don't have statistics to back this up.)
And finally, "Jewry" is a totally acceptable term for Jews and non-Jews to use as far as I'm concerned. It is often used within the Jewish community.
Shabbat Shalom,
MJNH, who feels no contradiction in saying that she hopes her son will marry someone Jewish and that she is fond of her brother's non-Jewish girlfriend and hopes they stay together.
A self-correction
If so, I need to take back my correction of Adam's post. I see that he was quoting Rabbi Yoffie, who is certainly a Reform rabbi, and not Rabbi Greenberg, an Orthodox rabbi who was referenced in the Ha'aretz article. My mistake.
However, my comments about those two positions (paraphrased by Adam) being ex post facto vs. a priori arguments, rather than contradictory statements, still stand. Rabbi Yoffie makes it clear that he distinguishes the two when he says "This was not an endorsement of intermarriage, but rather a refusal to reject the intermarried."
Okay, I'll try to stay quiet now until someone responds. :)
-MJNH
Re: A self-correction
Re: A self-correction
And I agree that the two positions you cite are not inherently contradictory, although I think that taking a strong anti-intermarriage position ex ante can make it difficult to be particularly welcoming or inclusive ex post. As I tried to make clear, I have not read the underlying speech by Rabbi Yoffie (where I assume the quote you include, which the Slate author did not, comes from). My only point was that what the author seemed to indicate that his quotes from Rabbi Yoffie said was very different from what those quotes actually meant. If he had quoted other statements to support it, he might well be accurate (although I note that "not an endorsement of intermarriage," from your quote, is a far cry from "a time to forbid," which is what the Slate author attributed to Rabbi Yoffie).
On a separate note, I don't think that Orichalcum intended to say that the Haaretz article or the Slate article made the Holocaust comparison, just that it is sometimes made. There's a discussion of that comparison at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Holocaust#Referring_to_assimilation_of_Jews ; a Google search turns up many other examples, including many examples of people making the claim directly (e.g. http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/2315 or http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/IntermarriageWhyNot.htm ). I have also heard several friends say that members of their family have made similar statements. I, at least, would not attribute that to the Slate author or to anyone else who hasn't actively made that comparison. But it is a comparison that is made, and I think rightly condemned.
--Adam
Re: A long response
1. The "greatest threat" language was in the Slate article; sorry for confusion. And the Holocaust reference is language that I have heard frequently tossed around in reference to this topic, as, clearly, have some of the other commenters.
2. The rabbi mentioned in the Slate article, as cited by pseudosilence, is Rabbi Eric Yoffie, who is Reform - see here: http://www.slate.com/id/2157508/
and believes strongly in outreach to non-Jewish spouses.
3. Wanting people to practice the traditions and beliefs of their religion/culture is not isolationism, nor is it cowardly; indeed, it is admirable. What I was trying to talk about here here is what seems to me to be a belief that Judaism on its own is not compelling enough to draw Jews in and make them want to practice those rituals and traditions, that people will only remain observant Jews (in whatever fashion observance is defined) if they have as little contact as possible with non-Jews.
Various of the liberal Protestant churches, notably the UCC, to which I more or less belong, have faced serious issues in recent years with declining membership and declining activity levels among members. They see this, indeed, as a crisis, and have responded in different fashions - some by watering down the practices of their specific tradition, for instance, to become Everychurch, some by imposing ever-higher dues on the remaining members to keep the church running. But the fashion that I both admire most and think is likely to prove the most successful is a focus on a renewed sense of active outreach and inclusion, of beginning new programs and fostering a sense of the church as an extremely lively and spiritual community.
I bring this up because this is a point where I think our attitudes about the responsibility of people within a religion may be fundamentally different. To some extent, I suppose I see it as a market of sorts. Religious communities have an obligation and need to fashion themselves in such a way that they attract and inspire both current members and new members. This doesn't mean making it easy (say, in the Jewish case, not necessarily emphasizing kosher laws) - indeed, comparative studies of successful religions show that the most popular are often those with the strictest rules and senses of community.
But at some point, if someone who has been raised Jewish then marries a non-Jew and then stops attending services or celebrating Pesach, I don't put the blame on the non-Jew. I put it on the lack of a local religious and cultural community which convinced that person to stay more actively Jewish. I think, "maybe she'd come to services, if she found them compelling and relevant; maybe she'd bring her children to Hebrew school if she really liked the teachers there." This is why I think the direction that you're taking your career in is so admirable and worthwhile - because you have a chance to enrich the spiritual lives of so many people by helping draw them in closer to their local Jewish community.
So it isn't cowardly to recognize that it will be easier for in-married Jews to maintain traditions and beliefs. But it's cowardly, in my view, to blame intermarriage for people drifting away from Judaism, rather than placing responsibility on the leaders and other members of the local religious community.
Re: A long response
To take a non-controversial example: I hope that M. will grow up to both appreciate music and to play an instrument of some kind. I plan to foster this by playing him lots of music and when he is quite young, getting him a teacher in the instrument of his choice and insisting that he practice regularly and work to advance the quality of his playing.
Now, when he goes off to college, he may, like so many of us, stop playing his musical instrument regularly. And that will be sad. But it doesn't mean I'm going to insist he goes to a conservatory, so that he'll only be interacting with other musicians. It doesn't mean that I'll refuse to pay for tuition if he doesn't take music classes. Fundamentally, if he's no longer interested in music as an adult, that's a fault of my education, the quality of his teacher, and a community that doesn't provide enough opportunities for amateur musicians.
Now, he might have had a better chance of really being musical if A. had married someone who was as musically-inclined as the rest of his family. It may well disappoint A's parents that he married someone who doesn't sing well; they may think it's a pity that A. is unlikely to join a chorus because I never will. Certainly, they encourage me frequently to play the piano in their home and are disappointed when I demur (largely because I'm out of practice and feel self-conscious.)
But they know, because I mention it frequently, that even though I'm not a singer, I think that the fact that their whole family sings is terrific, and that I hope deeply that Mac will be a good singer. They know that I value that part of their family tradition and will foster it as much as possible, even if my own ability to sing from sheet music is sadly lacking. And they know that they're welcome to give Mac plastic recorders and keyboards and teach him solfege and do whatever they want to encourage his interest in music. And we'll do what we can, and wait and see the results when he's an adult.
So what I'm trying to say here is, no, this isn't about separating Jewish practice from morality. I don't think that any of these commentators are claiming that only people who keep Shabbat are good people. It's to say that intermarriage, at most, is a symptom of the problem of disaffection with Judaism, not a cause. And that, therefore, the solution is not to criticize and attack people's marital choices, but to work to make being an active Jew more attractive and compelling. Some of that can include fostering dating opportunities within the community, and that's terrific - Israeli dancing nights, say, or minyans of appropriately-aged people. :) But that, again, is a positive step, not a negative or coercive one.
With regards to the options for choice, this is just a point where we see the world in different ways. I think that what makes America great is precisely the unlimited availability of choices. In the same way that, even if I have my worries, I'll support Mac if he wants to become a professional snowboarder or a spelunker, I'll support him in his romantic choices - while, at the same time, having tried to educate him to look for a partner who shares his ideals and moral values.
I think that the short version of "loving Israel" is as you say, but it does seem to me that the distinction often gets elided. I've heard numerous sermons from rabbis criticizing people for disagreeing with, say, Likud policies, and that's what unnerves me. But it makes perfect sense that a close connection to Israel would be one of those active, positive steps that draws someone closer to the Jewish community, and that's terrific. (The Birthright programs, for instance - a great means of inclusion.)
Good to know about Jewry; I thought that was the case but wasn't sure.
And I see no contradiction in your sign-off. I merely hope that, if your brother's girlfriend does become a part of your family, you try to welcome and draw her into the Jewish community (to the extent possible without creating family conflicts), rather than shutting her out or giving up on the Jewish identity of hypothetical nieces and nephews. And knowing you, I'm sure that you woud be welcoming.
Re: A long response
...if someone who has been raised Jewish then marries a non-Jew and then stops attending services or celebrating Pesach, I don't put the blame on the non-Jew.
and
But it's cowardly, in my view, to blame intermarriage for people drifting away from Judaism, rather than placing responsibility on the leaders and other members of the local religious community.
There's a big difference between blaming the non-Jews of intermarried couples (i.e., specific people) and blaming the occurrence of intermarriage (i.e., a phenomenon). I don't think anyone IS blaming the non-Jewish SOs. As I was saying, once they exist, the best way to keep the couple involved in Jewish life is to reach out to both partners, and many communities are doing just that.
As for blaming intermarriage as a phenomenon, I also agree that it is unhelpful, at least, to consider a Jew marrying a non-Jew to be the main problem. Jewish communal leaders are definitely working on the bigger issue of how to keep Jews interested in Jewish life and behavior. But intermarriage may be a little more than a symptom; rather, I see 'marrying another Jew' as one of the behaviors (certainly not the only one) that people are trying to encourage in order to keep people "doing Jewish."
About choice: I think America is a great place because there are so many choices (though I'd argue strongly against "unlimited" given my frustration with the choices available as a parent; another topic). But I also think it's important to know how to limit those choices for oneself and for one's children.
I hear what you're saying about Israeli politics and pressure to agree with them. In common parlance, though, if someone says that she "loves Israel," I would not expect to know anything about her politics as a result. Love of Israel is scattered all through Jewish liturgy and holidays without almost any connection to the government.
Shabbat Shalom,
MJNH
Re: A long response
Mostly, though, I want to return to my original point. I totally understand and accept that it's undoubtedly easier for people to maintain Jewish identity when they inmarry. But characterizing intermarriage as "the greatest threat" - in a world with so many other issues for Jewish people and all people to be concerned about - that upsets me.
There's an interesting debate to be had about whether the "Israel" in the liturgy should be taken to mean Israel qua Jewish people or Israel qua nation, but that's really a separate point.
the horse's mouth
Funny you should mention the UCC... my own reaction to this whole line of discussion is strongly colored by the fact that I would, hypothetically, like to marry somebody who shares my religious beliefs, but there are no single straight people in their 20s in my church. I'm tempted to say "in my denomination", in fact—I haven't been up to Redeemer or Spring Glen on a Sunday morning any time recently, but I do sometimes get the impression that I'm the only un-married college graduate with no children who actually claims a membership in the New Haven Association. (Well, OK, there are two of us actually, but we'd be a lousy couple.)
On the one hand, this makes me inclined to say "screw you!" to the thou-shalt-inmarry crowd, but on the other, the situation I and other hypothetical practicing mainline protestants in their 20s face is precisely what that crowd is trying to avoid having happen to their own religious communities. Once you go from being a community of heritage to being a community of choice, it might be kind of tough to go back, and (as you mention) also pretty tough to maintain viable community organizations over time.
And we will agree not to discuss the one woman I've ever dated whom I met in church, OK? OK,
digitalemur? Thanks.
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Also, why can't people do simple math? For the love of little green apples...
Yes, the reasoning is simplistic, but if Children Being Raised Jewish is the be-all and end-all of Rosner's social engineering plan for American Jews, then it's kind of hard to ignore that calculation.
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Claim: 50% of Jews intermarry
Claim: 50% of American marriages end in divorce (it's lower than that for first marriages, higher for second and on, but you get the idea).
I wonder how that impacts everything?
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Your main point
But characterizing intermarriage as "the greatest threat" - in a world with so many other issues for Jewish people and all people to be concerned about - that upsets me.
What do you think is a bigger threat to the continued existence of a distinct Jewish religion in the United States? I'm honestly curious.
-MJNH
Re: Your main point
But if you asked me what the biggest problem in terms of maintaining and increasing the number of religiously active Jews in America was? (I know this isn't precisely your question, and for these purposes I'll define "religiously active Jew" as "someone maintaining a distinctly Jewish set of rituals and beliefs, regardless of denomination," but not, say, Unitarians. I'm not sure how else to answer your original question.)
Well, first of all, as I said earlier, a general tendency towards secularism and drifting away from organized religions of all sorts - a problem faced by religious communities throughout America.
Then I think that Judaism is hurt by a reasonably strong anti-conversion bias, which makes it hard to replace members of the community who drift away with new members who find the practices and beliefs of Judaism compelling. So here, for instance, I very much support allowing children with only Jewish fathers to attend Hebrew school, as mentioned in the Slate column. I also support active conversion efforts, especially in places and communities (Brandeis comes to mind) where non-Jews are frequently exposed to Jewish traditions and rituals.
And my guess for a third reason for drifting and loss of members in American Judaism is the distancing effect created by services and rituals featuring large amounts of Hebrew sung to non-fluent congregations. There are, obviously, two solutions to this: either ensure that your congregation, children especially, are actually educated in the liturgy and Hebrew scriptures more than just barely enough to not embarrass themselves at their bnai' mitzvot, or, as Reform often does, translate most of the service into a language comprehensible to the community. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. But, speaking as an outsider, my knowledge of history and comparative religion suggests that religious communities are more close-knit and enduring when there is more active participation and comprehension by the congregation.